3d Modelj Rozi
[1] The irrigated Indus Basin in Pakistan has insufficient water resources to supply all its stakeholders. Information on evaporative depletion across the Basin is an important requirement if the water resources are to be managed efficiently. This paper presents the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) method used to compute actual evapotranspiration for large areas based on public domain National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite data. Computational procedures for retrieving actual evapotranspiration from satellites have been developed over the last 20 years. The current work is among the first applications used to estimate actual evapotranspiration on an annual scale across a vast river basin system with a minimum of ground data.
Only sunshine duration and wind speed are required as input data for the remote sensing flux algorithm. The results were validated in the Indus Basin by comparing results from a field‐scale transient moisture flow model, in situ Bowen ratio measurements, and residual water balance analyses for an area of 3 million ha. The accuracy of assessing time‐integrated actual annual evapotranspiration varied from 0% to 10% on a field scale to 5% at the regional level. Spatiotemporal information on actual evapotranspiration helps to evaluate water distribution and water use between large irrigation project areas. Wide variations in evaporative depletion between project areas and crop types were found. Satellite‐based measurements can provide such information and avoid the need to rely on field databases.
Introduction [2] The demand for water exceeds its availability in several of the world's large river basins. To determine appropriate water balances and understand who actually uses the water, it is becoming increasingly important to study aerial patterns of evaporative depletion in the rural parts of river basins.
A river basin typically contains irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, forests, native vegetation, wetlands, and includes other systems that all transmit water into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. Digital maps of land use and evaporative water use can show the depletion of water resources. These can be used to study the severity of water shortages and inequities in water use for upstream to downstream. [3] Information on water use through evapotranspiration in rural areas is not so commonly available as data on land use and water supply. A classical solution to this problem is the application of distributed hydrological models [e.g.,; ].
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John hovers above the wreck of the P29. He’s modeling the whole ship while I work on making a model of the bow! Photo by Leah Potts. A doorway on the wreck of the Um El Faroud. Photo by Leah Potts. Wreck of the Rozi. Photo by Leah Potts. Swimming on the Um El Faroud. Photo by Leah Potts.
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